Content on this page adapted from Southern Illinois University, Lansing Community College, Sonoma State, UNC Health Sciences Library, and Cal State LA.
PICO(T) is a mnemonic tool used in evidence-based practice (EBP) to help you clarify your clinical question. PICO(T) acts as a framework, asking you to think specifically about different aspects of what you want to investigate. It also helps formulate your search strategy (keywords, type of study) by identifying the key concepts that should show up if a research article is to be relevant for answering your question.
P: Patient, Problem, or Population
What are the most important characteristics of the patient? How would you describe a group of patients similar to yours? (disease or health status, age, race, sex)
I: Intervention
What main intervention, exposure, or prognostic factor are you considering? What do you plan to do for the patient? (specific tests, therapies, medications)
C: Comparison
What is the alternative to your plan? (no treatment, different type of treatment)
O: Outcome
What are you trying to accomplish, measure, improve or affect? What are examples of those outcomes? (fewer symptoms, no symptoms, full health, etc.)
T: Time (optional)
What is the time frame for demonstrating a clinical outcome?
Information regarding developing a PICO question can be found on Evolve.
The type of clinical research question you ask differs depending on the patient need or problem at hand. The way you frame your research question helps facilitate your search for an answer.
PICO(T) is the most widely-used clinical question framework for evidence-based practice; it also is not without limitations.
Visit https://guides.lib.unc.edu/pico/limitations for suggested ways to address limitations.